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1850s
 
 

Childhood

Description:   Childhood is Leo Tolstoy’s debut literary work, published when he was just 23 years old. It is a reflective and introspective novel narrated by a boy named Nikolenka, who is widely understood to be a fictionalized version of Tolstoy himself.  

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Date:   1852  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 1  
Extent:   139 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Novels   
 
 

The Incursion

Description:   The Incursion is one of Tolstoy’s earliest published stories, based on his own experiences as a young artillery officer in the Caucasus. It follows a Russian military unit during a campaign against local mountaineers and presents a vivid, realistic account of life in the army, the brutality of war, and the tension between cultures.   

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Date:   1852  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 28  
Extent:   53 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Short Stories   
 
 

Boyhood

Description:   Boyhood is the second part of Leo Tolstoy’s autobiographical trilogy (Childhood, Boyhood, Youth). It continues the story of Nikolenka, a young boy from the Russian aristocracy, as he transitions from childhood into adolescence. The novel delves into his growing self-awareness, emotional development, and social observations. It explores themes such as identity, pride, family dynamics, and the awkward confusion of becoming a young man.  

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Date:   1854  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 1  
Extent:   140 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Novels   
 
 

The Cutting of the Forest

Description:   The Cutting of the Forest is an early short story by Leo Tolstoy based on his experiences as a soldier in the Caucasus. It describes a Russian military operation to clear forest land held by mountain tribes during the imperial conquest of the region.    

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Date:   1855  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 2    
Extent:   33 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Short Stories   
 
 

Memoirs of a Marker

Description:   Memoirs of a Marker is an early satirical short story by Tolstoy, narrated by a professional "marker"—a person hired to keep score during gambling games, often in elite social circles. The story offers a sharp critique of aristocratic decadence, gambling culture, and moral decay among Russia’s upper classes.   

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Date:   1855  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 3  
Extent:   14 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Short Stories   
 
 

Sevastopol Sketches

Description:   Sevastopol Sketches is a powerful trio of semi-autobiographical stories written by Tolstoy during his time as an artillery officer in the Crimean War, specifically during the Siege of Sevastopol. The pieces depict the grim realities of war—not through glorified heroism but with brutal honesty. Tolstoy uses shifting perspectives and documentary-style realism to explore the psychological, moral, and emotional toll of war on soldiers and civilians alike. The work criticizes both military bureaucracy and the romanticized narratives of war common in his time.  

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Date:   1855–56  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 2    
Extent:   104 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Short Stories   
 
 

Youth

Description:   Youth is the third and final part of Leo Tolstoy’s autobiographical trilogy, following Childhood and Boyhood. It continues the life story of Nikolenka as he enters university and begins confronting the responsibilities and contradictions of adulthood.  

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Date:   1856  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 1  
Extent:   160 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Novels   
 
 

A Morning of a Landed Proprietor

Description:  

A Morning of a Landed Proprietor is one of Tolstoy’s earliest published stories. It follows Prince Nekhlyudov (a character who reappears in later works) as he tries to manage his estate and improve the lives of his serfs. The story explores the moral and social challenges faced by a young nobleman trying to do good within the rigid and exploitative system of serfdom in 19th-century Russia.

 

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Date:   1856  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 2  
Extent:   47 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Novellas   
 
 

Meeting a Moscow Acquaintance in the Detachment: From the Caucasian Notes of Prince Nekhlyudov

Description:   This short story is part of Tolstoy’s Caucasian cycle and is narrated through the voice of Prince Dmitri Nekhlyudov, a recurring character and semi-autobiographical stand-in for the author. The tale recounts a chance encounter between Nekhlyudov and an old Moscow acquaintance while serving in a military detachment in the Caucasus.  

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Date:   1856  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 3  
Extent:   20 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Short Stories   
 
 

The Snowstorm

Description:   The Snow-Storm is a vivid, atmospheric short story drawn from Tolstoy’s early experiences traveling through Russia. It recounts a harrowing nighttime journey taken by a traveler (the narrator) who becomes lost with his guide in a blizzard.   

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Date:   1856  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 3    
Extent:   24 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Short Stories  
 
 

Two Hussars

Description:   Two Hussars contrasts two generations of Russian military officers—a charming, bold, and generous old hussar (Count Turbin) and his more cautious, career-minded son. Set in a provincial town, the story compares their behavior, values, and how society responds to each.    

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Date:   1856  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 3    
Extent:   45 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Novellas   
 
 

From the Memoirs of Prince D. Nekhlyudov (Lucerne)

Description:   This short piece features Prince Dmitri Nekhlyudov, a recurring character in Tolstoy’s fiction and a semi-autobiographical figure representing the author’s moral and spiritual development. The story is written as a reflective narrative, recalling past events, often with a philosophical or ethical lens.   

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Date:   1857  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 3    
Extent:   21 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Short Stories   
 
 

Albert

Description:   Albert is a short and poignant story about a gifted but troubled violinist—Albert—who is both brilliant in his art and broken in his personal life. The narrative centers on the tension between artistic genius and social dysfunction, as Albert, a poor and erratic man, is dismissed by society despite his musical brilliance.    

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Date:   1858  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 3    
Extent:   21 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Short Stories   
 
 

Three Deaths

Description:   Three Deaths is a short allegorical story in which three characters die—a noblewoman, a coachman, and a tree. Each death is portrayed differently, reflecting Tolstoy's philosophical views on truth, nature, and the human condition.    

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Date:   1859  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 3  
Extent:   10 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Short Stories   
 
 

Family Happiness

Description:   Domestic Happiness is a novella that explores the evolving emotional and psychological landscape of a young marriage. The story is told from the perspective of Masha, a 17-year-old orphan who marries an older family friend, Sergey Mikhaylych.    

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Date:   1859  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 3  
Extent:   66 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Novellas   
 
 
1860s
 
 

Linen-Measurer (Kholstomer: The Story of a Horse)

Description:   Kholstomer is one of Tolstoy’s most original and poignant short stories, narrated from the point of view of a horse. The protagonist, Kholstomer, is an old, once-proud steed reflecting on his life of labor, mistreatment, and neglect. Despite being strong and noble, he was judged negatively because of his unusual piebald coloring, which made him "ugly" in human eyes.   

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Date:   1861  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 4  
Extent:   30 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Short Stories  
 
 

The Cossacks

Description:   The Cossacks is a semi-autobiographical novella based on Tolstoy’s own experiences as a young army officer stationed in the Caucasus. The story follows Dmitry Olenin, a disillusioned young aristocrat who seeks escape from the superficialities of Moscow high society by joining the Russian military and living among the Cossack people.  

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Date:   1863  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 2    
Extent:   138 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Novellas   
 
 

Polikushka

Description:   Polikushka is a poignant short story about a poor, timid peasant named Polikushka, who is given a rare chance to prove his trustworthiness by being sent to town to retrieve a large sum of money for his mistress. Though the errand appears simple, it becomes a test of his fragile self-confidence and his ability to rise above his reputation as unreliable and weak.    

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Date:   1863  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 3  
Extent:   51 p.  
Tags:   FictionNovellas  
 
 

The Decembrists (Fragments of a Novel)

Description:   The Decembrists is an unfinished novel by Leo Tolstoy intended as a sequel to War and Peace. It was meant to follow Pierre Bezukhov, Natasha Rostova, and other characters into the 1825 Decembrist uprising, when Russian army officers attempted to reform the autocracy. Tolstoy planned to explore the tension between revolutionary ideals and personal morality, but he abandoned the project early, leaving only a brief fragment.   

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Date:   1863-78   
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 12  
Extent:   42 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Unfinished  
 
 

War and Peace

Description:   War and Peace is Leo Tolstoy’s masterpiece and one of the most celebrated novels in world literature. Set against the backdrop of Napoleon’s invasion of Russia (1805–1812), the novel follows the lives of several aristocratic families—primarily the Rostovs, Bolkonskys, and Bezukhovs—as they navigate love, war, personal loss, and philosophical searching.   

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Date:   1865–69  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 5, 6, 7, 8  
Extent:   1247 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Novels   
 
 

Fables For Children

Description:   Fables for Children is a collection of short moral tales written by Leo Tolstoy to teach ethical values in a simple, engaging way. Inspired by Aesop and Russian folk traditions, the stories often feature animals, peasants, or children and convey lessons about honesty, humility, kindness, greed, and justice.  

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Date:   1869-72  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 12  
Extent:   36 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Children  
 
 

Stories For Children

Description:   Stories for Children is a collection of short, simple tales by Leo Tolstoy, written to educate and inspire young readers. These stories, often drawn from peasant life, folk wisdom, and everyday experiences, teach values like honesty, compassion, humility, hard work, and respect for others.  

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Date:   1869-72  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 12  
Extent:   61 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Children  
 
 

Natural Science Stories

Description:   Natural Science Stories is a collection of short, educational tales written by Leo Tolstoy to introduce children to scientific and natural concepts through engaging narratives. These stories cover topics such as animals, plants, weather, the seasons, and the human body, blending factual information with moral or philosophical reflections. Intended for use in peasant schools, they reflect Tolstoy’s belief in accessible, practical education rooted in observation and respect for nature.  

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Date:   1869-72  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 12  
Extent:   22 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Children  
 
 
1870s
 
 

Anna Karenina

Description:   Anna Karenina is a powerful and emotionally rich novel that explores the complexities of love, marriage, family, and society through two parallel storylines.  

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Date:   1873–77  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 9, 10, 11  
Extent:   779 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Novels   
 
 
 
1880s
 
 

What Men Live By

Description:   What Men Live By is one of Tolstoy’s most beloved moral tales, centered on faith, compassion, and the divine presence in everyday life. The story follows a poor shoemaker named Simon, who finds a mysterious, silent man—Michael—on the street and takes him in. As the story unfolds, Michael is revealed to be an angel, sent to learn three lessons about humanity: what dwells in man, what is not given to man, and what men live by.   

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Date:   1881  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 12  
Extent:   41 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Short Stories   
 
 

The Three Hermits

Description:   The Three Hermits is a short spiritual parable by Leo Tolstoy that highlights the simplicity of true faith. It tells the story of a bishop who visits three humble hermits living on a remote island. Concerned they don’t know the proper prayers, he tries to teach them formal religious doctrine. Later, the hermits miraculously follow his ship across the sea—on foot—asking him to repeat the prayer because they’ve forgotten it.   

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Date:   1884  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 12  
Extent:   6 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Short Stories   
 
 

Death of Iván Ílich

Description:   The Death of Ivan Ilyich is one of Tolstoy’s most profound works, exploring the spiritual awakening of a man facing death. Ivan Ilyich, a successful but shallow government official, lives a life devoted to comfort, routine, and social approval. When he becomes terminally ill, he confronts the emptiness of his existence and the inevitability of death. Through suffering, he comes to understand compassion, truth, and the meaning of life.  

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Date:   1884-86   
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 18  
Extent:   49 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Novellas   
 
 

Memoirs of a Lunatic

Description:   Memoirs of a Lunatic is a deeply introspective story in which Tolstoy explores the spiritual awakening of a man deemed insane by society. The narrator, after a moral and existential crisis, comes to see that the world’s values—wealth, ambition, and social approval—are forms of collective madness. Branded a lunatic for rejecting them, he attains a higher understanding of truth, love, and divine purpose.   

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Date:   1884-1903  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 28  
Extent:   11 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Short Stories  
 
 

Neglect the Fire and You Cannot Put It Out

Description:   Neglect the Fire and You Cannot Put It Out is a brief moral parable by Leo Tolstoy that warns of the danger of ignoring small moral failings or early signs of wrongdoing. Using the metaphor of an unattended fire, Tolstoy illustrates how neglecting to address spiritual or ethical issues early on can lead to destruction that becomes impossible to control. The story reflects his later belief in personal responsibility, moral vigilance, and the importance of inner purity and timely action.   

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Date:   1885  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 12  
Extent:   14 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Short Stories   
 
 

The Candle

Description:   The Candle is a short, moral tale by Leo Tolstoy that emphasizes the spiritual value of kindness, honesty, and sincere intention. In the story, a peasant lights a candle in church as a humble offering. Though mocked by others and unnoticed by the clergy, his simple act is revealed to be more pleasing to God than the grand, prideful donations of the wealthy.   

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Date:   1885  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 12  
Extent:   8 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Short Stories   
 
 

The Two Old Men

Description:   The Two Old Men is a short parable about faith, compassion, and the true meaning of pilgrimage. Two elderly neighbors, Efim and Elisha, set out to visit the Holy Land. Along the way, Elisha stops to help a starving, suffering family and gives away all his provisions, never completing the pilgrimage. Efim continues to Jerusalem and performs all the religious rites.   

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Date:   1885  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 12  
Extent:   19 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Short Stories  
 
 

Where Love Is, There God Is Also

Description:   Where Love Is, There God Is Also is one of Tolstoy’s most famous Christian parables. It tells the story of Martin Avdeitch, a lonely, humble shoemaker who longs to see God. One night, he dreams that Christ will visit him. The next day, he welcomes several people in need—a poor man, a cold woman with a baby, and a hungry child—offering kindness and help to each.   

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Date:   1885  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 12  
Extent:   11 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Short Stories  
 
 

Texts for Chapbook Illustrations

Description:   Texts for Chapbook Illustrations is a series of short, descriptive commentaries Leo Tolstoy wrote to accompany popular folk illustrations (lubok prints). Each text offers a moral, social, or spiritual reflection inspired by a traditional image, making them accessible for peasant readers. Tolstoy used these illustrations as a tool for popular education, pairing vivid pictures with brief texts that taught Christian values, social awareness, and ethical living.   

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Date:   1885  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 12  
Extent:   10 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Short Stories  
 
 

A Fairy-Tale About Ivan the Fool and His Two Brothers

Description:   This satirical fairy tale by Tolstoy follows Ivan the Fool, a kind-hearted, simple peasant, and his two ambitious brothers—a proud soldier and a greedy merchant. When the Devil tries to tempt and ruin all three, only Ivan resists through his honesty, humility, and goodness. Despite his seeming foolishness, Ivan prospers by helping others and rejecting violence, wealth, and power.    

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Date:   1885  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 12  
Extent:   27 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Short Stories  
 
 

Popular Legends

Description:   How the Devil Redeemed the Crust of Bread; The Repentant Sinner; The Kernel of the Size of a Hen’s Egg; How Much Land a Man Needs; The Godson;  

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Date:   1886  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 17  
Extent:   36 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Short Stories   
 
 

The Power of Darkness

Description:   The Power of Darkness is a tragic play by Leo Tolstoy that exposes the moral and social decay of Russian peasant life. It tells the story of Nikita, a weak-willed farmhand who becomes involved in adultery, deceit, and murder under the influence of those around him. Through his downfall and eventual confession, Tolstoy explores themes of guilt, sin, repentance, and spiritual redemption.  

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Date:   1886  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 18  
Extent:   78 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Drama  
 
 

Nicholas Stick

Description:   Nicholas Stick is a short moral tale written for children, in which Tolstoy tells the story of a boy named Nicholas who carves a stick to help him remember to correct his faults. Each notch represents a bad action he hopes to overcome. As he improves, the stick becomes smoother, symbolizing his moral progress.   

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Date:   1886  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 19  
Extent:   8 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Children   
 
 

The First Distiller

Description:   The First Distiller is a short satirical play written by Tolstoy to expose the moral and social harm of alcohol. Blending humor with allegory, it tells how the devil teaches a peasant to distill vodka, bringing greed, violence, and misery into human life. Through this simple tale, Tolstoy denounces drunkenness, exploitation, and hypocrisy, showing how vice spreads from personal weakness to social decay. The play ends with a call for repentance and moral renewal.   

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Date:   1886  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 24  
Extent:   16 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Drama   
 
 

Two Wayfarers

Description:   Two Wayfarers is a short moral parable about compassion, humility, and the meaning of true faith. It tells of two travelers—a proud, self-righteous man and a humble, kind one—who encounter hardship on their journey.   

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Date:   1886  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 28  
Extent:   3 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Short Stories   
 
 

The Fruits of Enlightenment

Description:   The Fruits of Enlightenment is a satirical comedy by Leo Tolstoy that ridicules the pretensions and spiritual emptiness of Russia’s upper class. The play centers on a wealthy family obsessed with spiritualism and séances, contrasting their shallow “enlightenment” with the sincerity and wisdom of their peasant servants. Through humor and irony, Tolstoy exposes the absurdities of fashionable intellectualism and class hypocrisy.  

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Date:   1889  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 18  
Extent:   91 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Drama  
 
 

The Kreutzer Sonata

Description:   The Kreutzer Sonata is a powerful and controversial novella in which Tolstoy explores the dark side of love, jealousy, and sexuality. The story is narrated by Pozdnyshev, a man who recounts how he murdered his wife in a fit of jealousy after suspecting her of infidelity. Influenced by Tolstoy’s own moral and spiritual crisis, the work condemns lust and the hypocrisy of modern marriage, advocating chastity and moral purity.  

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Date:   1889  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 18  
Extent:   73 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Novellas   
 
 

The Devil

Description:   A novella from 1889 consisting of 21 chapters, devoted to the theme of the spiritual and physical destruction of a person by carnal passions.   

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Date:   1889–1909   
Reference:   The Devil   
Extent:   42 p.  
Tags:   FictionNovellas  
 
 
 
1890s
 
 

Walk in the Light While Ye Have Light

Description:   Walk in the Light While Ye Have Light is a Christian allegory illustrating Tolstoy’s belief in living according to the true teachings of Christ. The story contrasts two groups of people: those who follow the “light” of divine truth through love and humility, and those who remain in the “darkness” of worldly power, greed, and hypocrisy. Through its simple narrative and moral clarity, Tolstoy urges readers to reject institutional religion and materialism, choosing instead a life of spiritual integrity and compassion.  

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Date:   1890  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 19  
Extent:   43 p.  
Tags:   FictionNovellas  
 
 

Father Sergius

Description:   Father Sergius tells the story of Prince Stepan Kasatsky, a proud nobleman who renounces worldly life to become a monk after learning that his fiancée once belonged to the Tsar. As Father Sergius, he struggles with spiritual pride, temptation, and disillusionment, seeking holiness but discovering hypocrisy within himself. After years of inner torment, he finds peace through humility and service to others.   

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Date:   1890-98  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 28  
Extent:   40 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Novellas   
 
 

Three Sons

Description:   Three Sons is a short moral parable in which a father tests his three sons to see who is most capable of managing the household after him. Each son demonstrates different abilities—one in physical labor, one in financial matters, and one in caring for people and fostering harmony.   

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Date:   1892  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 17  
Extent:   3 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Short Stories  
 
 

Labourer Emelyán and the Empty Drum

Description:   Labourer Emelyán and the Empty Drum is a satirical parable in which a poor laborer named Emelyán learns that the noise of an empty drum is used to frighten and control people. Discovering the trick, he exposes it, showing that the power of oppressors often depends on illusion and fear rather than real strength.   

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Date:   1892  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 17  
Extent:   9 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Short Stories  
 
 

The Memoirs of a Mother

Description:   The Memoirs of a Mother is a poignant short story in which Tolstoy explores maternal love, grief, and moral awakening. Told through the reflections of a mother who has lost her child, the story examines the depth of human sorrow and the search for spiritual meaning amid suffering.   

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Date:   1893  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 28  
Extent:   10 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Short Stories   
 
 

The Young Tsar

Description:   The Young Tsar is an allegorical tale about a newly crowned ruler who dreams of the injustice and suffering caused by his power and privilege. In the dream, he witnesses the oppression of the poor and the moral corruption of those who serve him. Awaking in anguish, he realizes the heavy moral responsibility of leadership and vows to rule with compassion and justice.   

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Date:   1894  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 27  
Extent:   11 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Short Stories   
 
 

The Light That Shines in the Darkness

Description:   The Light That Shines in the Darkness is an unfinished autobiographical play that dramatizes Tolstoy’s inner spiritual crisis and growing conflict with family, society, and the Church. The protagonist, a landowner named Nikolai Ivanovich, mirrors Tolstoy himself as he struggles to live according to Christian ideals of love, poverty, and nonviolence, while facing misunderstanding from those closest to him. The play explores themes of faith, conscience, moral duty, and the cost of truth.   

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Date:   1894-96, 1900   
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 26  
Extent:   103 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Unfinished  
 
 

Master and Workman

Description:   Master and Workman is a powerful moral story about a wealthy landowner, Brekhunov, and his servant, Nikita, who set out on a journey during a snowstorm. When they become lost in the freezing wilderness, Brekhunov initially thinks only of saving himself. But as death approaches, he experiences a profound spiritual awakening and sacrifices his life to save Nikita, discovering the meaning of love and selflessness in his final moments.   

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Date:   1895   
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 19  
Extent:   43 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Short Stories  
 
 

Hadji Murad

Description:   Hadji Murad is Tolstoy’s final major work, a powerful story set during the Russian-Caucasian War. Based on real events, it follows Hadji Murad, a legendary Avar rebel caught between loyalty to his people and survival under Russian rule. Tolstoy portrays him as a tragic hero—brave, noble, and doomed by the cruelty of both empires. Through vivid realism and moral depth, the story explores violence, power, honor, and the futility of war. Written in his late years, Hadji Murad reflects Tolstoy’s condemnation of imperialism and his profound sympathy for human dignity amid conflict.   

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Date:   1896-1904   
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 25  
Extent:   120 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Novellas   
 
 

Resurrection

Description:   Resurrection is Tolstoy’s final major novel, telling the story of Prince Dmitri Nekhlyudov, who seeks redemption after realizing he wronged a woman, Katyusha Maslova, now condemned to a life of suffering. Through his moral awakening and efforts to help her, Nekhlyudov confronts the hypocrisy of society, church, and the legal system. The novel explores themes of sin, repentance, and spiritual renewal, reflecting Tolstoy’s mature Christian philosophy and his belief in the power of moral transformation.   

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Date:   1899  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 21, 22  
Extent:   409 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Novels   
 
 
1900s
 
 

The Man Who Was Dead (The Living Corpse)

Description:   The Man Who Was Dead is a moral and spiritual tale about a man who experiences a profound inner resurrection after living a selfish and meaningless life. Believed to be dead by others, he awakens to a new understanding of truth, love, and moral duty. Through this symbolic narrative, Tolstoy explores the themes of spiritual rebirth, conscience, and redemption, illustrating his conviction that true life begins only when one lives for others rather than oneself.   

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Date:   1900  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 26  
Extent:   86 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Unfinished  
 
 

Father Vasily: A Fragment

Description:   Father Vasily: A Fragment is an unfinished piece that reflects Tolstoy’s late religious thought and moral concerns. The story centers on Father Vasily, a priest who begins to question the truth and purpose of church rituals and his own role within the institution.   

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Date:   1902  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 28  
Extent:   7 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Unfinished  
 
 

After the Dance

Description:   After the Dance is a poignant story about innocence, love, and moral awakening. The narrator, Ivan Vasilievich, recalls a night of joy and romance at a grand ball, where he falls deeply in love with a colonel’s daughter. The next morning, he witnesses the same colonel brutally punishing a soldier, shattering his idealistic view of society and love. The story contrasts beauty and cruelty, showing how a single experience can change a person’s entire outlook on life.   

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Date:   1903  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 27  
Extent:   8 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Short Stories   
 
 

The Overthrow of Hell and Its Restoration

Description:   A retelling of a legend written by Tolstoy in 1903 as an “illustration” to the article “Appeal to the Clergy.” The source was a legend told to him in 1879 by V. P. Shchegolenok.   

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Date:   1903  
Reference:   The Overthrow of Hell and Its Restoration   
Extent:   3 p.  
Tags:   FictionShort Stories  
 
 

The Forged Coupon

Description:   The Forged Coupon is one of Tolstoy’s final and most profound works, a two-part novella illustrating how evil and goodness ripple through society. It begins with a small act of deceit—a boy forging a coupon—which sets off a chain of injustice, violence, and moral corruption. In the second part, a moment of forgiveness sparks an opposite chain of redemption and spiritual renewal.   

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Date:   1904  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 27  
Extent:   124 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Novellas   
 
 

Alyosha the Pot

Description:   Alyosha the Pot is one of Tolstoy’s simplest yet most deeply moving stories. It tells of Alyosha, a humble and obedient young servant who lives a life of quiet duty, kindness, and innocence. Though unnoticed and unappreciated, he embodies true Christian virtues—humility, love, and selflessness—until his untimely death. Through Alyosha’s modest life, Tolstoy illustrates the moral greatness found in ordinary goodness and the purity of a heart unspoiled by pride or ambition.   

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Date:   1905  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 27  
Extent:   5 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Short Stories  
 
 

The Posthumous Papers of the Hermit, Fedor Kusmich

Description:   The Posthumous Papers of the Hermit, Fedor Kusmich is a reflective tale inspired by a Russian legend that Tsar Alexander I did not die in 1825 but lived on in secret as a humble hermit named Fedor Kusmich. Tolstoy uses this story to explore themes of repentance, spiritual transformation, and the rejection of worldly power.   

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Date:   1905  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 28  
Extent:   16 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Short Stories  
 
 

My Dream

Description:   My Dream is a brief allegorical story in which Tolstoy recounts a vivid dream that reveals his deepest moral and spiritual concerns. In the dream, he witnesses the suffering, injustice, and moral blindness of humanity, leading him to reflect on the illusion of progress and the need for inner transformation.   

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Date:   1906  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 27  
Extent:   10 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Short Stories  
 
 

The Wisdom of Children

Description:   The Wisdom of Children is a gentle and reflective story in which Tolstoy contrasts the innocence and moral clarity of children with the corruption and hypocrisy of adults. Through simple dialogue and everyday scenes, he reveals how children often understand truth, kindness, and fairness more naturally than those burdened by pride or social ambition.   

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Date:   1908  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 28  
Extent:   53 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Short Stories   
 
 

There Are No Guilty People

Description:   There Are No Guilty People is one of Tolstoy’s final works, written shortly before his death. The story presents the reflections of a man sentenced to death, who comes to see that every person is both guilty and innocent, shaped by forces beyond individual control. Through this meditation on justice, punishment, and compassion, Tolstoy condemns the death penalty and all forms of retribution.   

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Date:   1909  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 27  
Extent:   10 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Short Stories  
 
 
1910s
 
 

Three Days in the Village

Description:   Three Days In The Village; Singing In The Village; Traveller And Peasant; A Talk With A Wayfarer; From The Diary;    

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Date:   1910  
Reference:   Three Days in the Village   
Extent:   44 p.  
Tags:   FictionShort Stories  
 
 

The Cause of It All

Description:   The Cause of It All is a play in two parts by Leo Tolstoy published in 1910, and later translated by Aylmer and Louise Maude. It heavily features anti-alcohol and teetotaling themes.   

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Date:   1910  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 26  
Extent:   20 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Drama  
 
 

Khodinka: An Incident of the Coronation of Nicholas II

Description:   Khodinka: An Incident of the Coronation of Nicholas II is Tolstoy’s somber reflection on the Khodynka Tragedy, when over a thousand people were crushed to death during the coronation festivities of Tsar Nicholas II in Moscow.   

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Date:   1910  
Reference:   The complete works of Count Tolstoy. Vol. 28  
Extent:   8 p.  
Tags:   Fiction, Short Stories